How we backtest
Data
A-share strategies use daily and intraday bars for Shanghai and Shenzhen listed stocks, including delisted names where noted. Crypto strategies use exchange-reported perpetual futures bars.
Costs
Every backtest deducts trading fees and slippage on both entry and exit. The exact assumption is printed on each strategy page.
Signals
A signal is the strategy's model output for a given trading day: instrument, side, reference price and suggested weight. Outcomes are recorded when the position closes according to the strategy's exit rules.
Limitations
Backtests cannot capture every real-world constraint — liquidity, halts, limit-up/limit-down queues and execution delays can make live results differ from the backtest.